Costco Wholesale Corporation is one of the biggest retailers in the world. Costco’s marketing mix (4Ps) is a factor behind this success. The marketing mix is the set of strategies and tactics that a firm uses to implement its marketing strategy and marketing plan. In Costco’s case, the membership-only retail business has a marketing strategy and marketing mix that enable competitiveness against Walmart and its division, Sam’s Club; Amazon and its subsidiary, Whole Foods; and Aldi, Target, Home Depot, Kroger, and BJ’s Wholesale Club. Despite the aggressive competition shown in the Five Forces analysis of Costco Wholesale, the company’s marketing mix maintains loyalty among shoppers looking for value at competitive selling prices.
Costco maintains a marketing mix that capitalizes on pricing and the value of its products. This combination of value and price sets the business apart from other firms in the market and facilitates the competitive advantages illustrated in the SWOT analysis of Costco Wholesale. Thus, the company’s marketing strategies, tactics, and campaigns tend to rely on this combination to reach and attract target buyers.
Costco’s Products
As a big-box retailer, Costco Wholesale offers a wide variety of products to match market demand. This element of the marketing mix identifies the firm’s outputs. Compared to some large retailers, the company has a limited product mix but expands its product offerings over time. Costco’s product mix includes the following main product categories:
- Appliances
- Auto & Tires
- Baby, Kids & Toys
- Clothing & Handbags
- Computers & Printers
- Electronics
- Furniture
- Grocery, Floral & Pets
- Holiday, Gifts & Tickets
- Home Improvement
- Health & Beauty
- Home, Kitchen, Bed & Bath
- Jewelry & Watches
- Office Products
- Patio & Outdoor
- Sports & Fitness
- Travel & Luggage
- Photo Center services
- Optical services
- Hearing Aid Center services
- Gasoline
- Business Services
- Home Services
- Life Services
In addition to the typical basic goods found in its warehouses/stores, Costco offers services, such as photo printing services, life insurance (under Life Services), and payroll services (under Business Services). This marketing mix shows that Costco Wholesale Corporation has expanded its product mix to a considerable degree of diversification to meet market demand. The evolution of this element of the marketing mix represents product development for growth and competitiveness. Thus, the marketing strategy relates to Costco’s generic competitive strategy and intensive growth strategies, in terms of product-focused strategies and marketing campaigns that facilitate business growth and competitive advantages.
Price in Costco’s Marketing Strategy
Costco is known for competitive prices, especially for bundled merchandise or goods sold in large amounts. These selling prices are a result of the company’s pricing strategies, which dictate price points and price ranges that are lower than the market average for some product lines. In its marketing mix, Costco uses the following pricing strategies:
- Market-oriented pricing
- High-low pricing
Costco Wholesale uses the market-oriented pricing strategy. This strategy considers market conditions as a basis for setting prices. The company’s goal in this component of the marketing mix is to offer the lowest possible prices for bulk/wholesale purchases, relative to the prices of other firms in the retail market. Moreover, Costco’s marketing mix involves a modified version of the high-low pricing strategy, which sets high prices for some goods and services, and low prices for others. The marketing strategy objective of high-low pricing is to attract shoppers to the low prices, in the hope that they will also buy the higher-priced products, which generate bigger profits. Still, many of the company’s goods are available at discounted prices through bulk or wholesale purchases. Overall, the low prices set in this marketing strategy align with the goals of Costco’s mission and vision, which focus on setting the lowest prices for unmatched savings for customers. Furthermore, such prices indicate that the economic trends illustrated in the PESTEL/PESTLE analysis of Costco present opportunities for low prices in the company’s marketing mix and marketing strategy.
Place in Costco’s 4Ps
Warehouse-style stores are the main places where Costco sells its products. This 4P element refers to the venues through which the retailer distributes or sells its products to customers. In this case, Costco’s marketing strategy involves a product distribution strategy with the following places or locations:
- Warehouse-style stores
- E-commerce website and mobile app
The company’s goods and services are available at its warehouse-style stores. However, customers can also purchase products through Costco Wholesale’s e-commerce website. Mobile users can use the Costco mobile app to access information about products and to make a purchase. Customers can opt to have their online or mobile purchases delivered to their doorstep. In this marketing mix, Costco Wholesale Corporation harnesses information technology for a wide market reach. In the brick-and-mortar aspect, the locations of the warehouses and other facilities reflect Costco’s business structure (company structure), which influences the geographic location of retail operations for the optimal effectiveness of the marketing strategy.
Promotion in Costco’s Marketing Mix
Costco Wholesale promotes its products through four main marketing communications tactics. This element of the marketing mix presents how the retailer communicates with its target customers. Costco’s main promotion tactics are as follows:
- Sales promotion
- Direct marketing
- Personal selling
- Public relations
Costco uses bulk/wholesale discounts as a form of sales promotions to lure consumers to its warehouses/stores. Members are guaranteed low prices for products sold per pack or in wholesale amounts. In addition, Costco uses direct marketing through emails to members, as well as The Costco Connection, which is a publication that promotes products available at the company’s stores. On the other hand, personal selling happens when sales personnel persuade shoppers to purchase certain products at the stores. Costco’s marketing mix applies public relations to boost the corporate and brand image. For example, the company has sustainability programs for its supply chain, and gives donations to support programs for children, education, and health and human services. These programs for public relations are integrated into Costco’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) and ESG strategy, which aims to benefit communities and the environment, while promoting the company and its products to the target market.
The lack of advertising is a major factor that separates Costco’s marketing strategy from those of other big-box retailers. The company does not advertise and relies more on its low prices and product value to attract customers and maintain its competitive position in the retail market. This marketing mix shows that Costco Wholesale Corporation effectively promotes its business and products even without advertising.
References
- Ahmed, R. R., Streimikiene, D., Qadir, H., & Streimikis, J. (2023). Effect of green marketing mix, green customer value, and attitude on green purchase intention: Evidence from the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(5), 11473-11495.
- Costco Wholesale Corporation – Charitable Giving.
- Costco Wholesale Corporation – Find a Warehouse.
- Costco Wholesale Corporation – Form 10-K.
- Costco Wholesale Corporation’s E-commerce Website.
- Rajer, N. (2023). New marketing models for developing a marketing strategy. International Journal of Innovation in Marketing Elements, 3(1), 23-29.
- U.S. Department of Commerce – International Trade Administration – Retail Trade Industry.